Judaism didn't spread in the same way as Christianity and Islam because it didn't emphasize proselytization in the same way that Christianity and Islam did. This, in turn, is because Judaism has always perceived itself as being the religion of the Jewish people specifically, containing laws and doctrines that should be followed by the Jewish people but that the rest of the world shouldn't necessarily adhere to, while Christianity and Islam perceive themselves as religions for the entire planet, containing laws and doctrines that the entire planet should adhere to.