Is there evidence to suggest that the story of Phalaris, Perillos, and the Bronze Bull torture device (in *Bibliotecha historica*) actually occurred? Has one of these bulls ever been found?

by hissing-fauna

I'm wondering whether the story of the invention and the inventor could be apocryphal, or even the device itself. Are there recorded examples of its use outside of that event? If so, how common was it for this method of torture to be utilized?

(edit - sorry, apparently italicizing doesn't work in the title field)

hissing-fauna

Sorry again guys, I forgot to check and found this excellent answer from /u/XenophonTheAthenian

We don't really know whether Phalaris' bull really existed, although there's no shortage of textual references to it. Phalaris sort of became typical in classical literature of the excesses of the tyrants of the Archaic Period, and the story of the bull is explicitly used as a sort of parable about the cruelty of autocratic rulers in our texts. It's a frequent addition in philosophical and moralistic discussions--Cicero famously compared Verres to Phalaris and made an amusing joke at the expense of the Epicureans in the In Pisonem by asserting that Epicurus taught that the Epicurean should not be bothered by being in the bull of Phalaris. Diodorus interestingly places all responsibility for the bull on Perilaus (not sure why wikipedia seems to think his name is Perillos, all the sources I know of call him Περίλαος), who is punished by Phalaris for creating such a horrible device (I believe he's using Lucian as his source, who tells the story in the same way).

It's nearly impossible to tell how much of this story is true and how much is just moralistic fantasy, as the truth of the story seems to be inextricably intertwined with the philosophical qualities that the story came to exemplify, but there's probably some grain of truth in it somewhere. Pindar is our earliest source for Phalaris' bull, and only a few decades after Phalaris' death he treats the story as if it's well-known and obvious to everybody. What exactly that's supposed to mean is a bit unclear--possibly Phalaris' cruelty (real or imagined) was combined with some imagery or motifs common to Acragas, where there were bull cults. But there's really not very much evidence to back this up. Further complicating the matter is the fact that it was at least believed that there really was such a bull that survived Phalaris' death. Cicero mentions that Scipio Aemilianus restored the bull to Acragas after it had been removed to Carthage. Whether this was the actual bull in question is pretty debatable, but there's a lot of uncertainty in the story that really can't be resolved--we simply don't know how true it is.

I would still love any additional thoughts or information on the subject though!