This doesn't answer all your questions, but you might be interested in this post I made some time ago regarding: Was addiction a problem that Roman physicians encountered during the Roman Empire?

I don't know how ancient societies dealt with it but opium has been around for thousands of years and was spread out over a huge expanse of the world. It used to range from north Africa to Asia. And while not as easy to get addicted to as morphine (which was developed in the early 1800s) or heroin (developed in the late 1800s), it still has the potential to create intense physical dependency. I imagine that how an ancient society dealt with it would vary greatly depending on which culture and time period you're talking about.

That said, I don't believe opium in antiquity was ever the problem that the heroin epidemic is now. It just wouldn't be as readily available as many of our opiates are now.

Other common drug addictions were less intense then. People have chewed coca leaves for generations but refining them into cocaine is a fairly new process. To my understanding chewing the leaves can give you a mild addition, similar to how many people in the modern world get headaches and other mild withdrawal symptoms from not drinking their morning coffee. It was considered socially acceptable to "need" coca leaves to get your work done as such an addiction would rarely cause much societal strife.

Other than alcohol, I'm not thinking of too many drugs beyond opium that can cause severe physical addiction that were used in the ancient world. I'm sure that drugs like marijuana were taken to excess then too, plus a number of other mind altering substances that aren't in common usage today. But how those excessive users were dealt with is unknown to me.