How were European citizens of the Ottoman Empire treated by the government, and how much autonomy were they given?

by HowdoIreddittellme

Of course, I'm well aware of the genocides of the Armenians and Greeks by the Turks, but was that indicative as a whole of their treatment by the ottoman government or were they typically treated better? Did they exist under the same kind of government that Turkish citizens did or were they given a different government?

Webemperor

When talking about an empire that spanned multiple continents and more or less existed for 500 years, with different rulers and policies. Events like Hamidian massacres and Armenian genocide should be taken in their own context instead of being indicative of the Empire entirely.

But, for the most part, yes, Ottoman empire was considered relatively tolerant compared to their contemporaries, with a few exceptions like Mughals. Under Ottomans religious minorities were seen as inferior but protected, with restrictions like not being able to build houses higher than minarets and another Muslim's house, were not allowed to ride horses in cities. A Christian or Jews confession in law was not seen as the equal of a Muslim's word. On the other hand, as long they paid their taxes, which were higher than a Muslim's tax, they were allowed to keep their faith and customs, and were ruled under their own religious law instead of Ottoman Kanun. It's generally accepted that forced conversions were an exception under Ottoman rule, and most conversions happened for economic reasons due to Jizya tax. There are also the Jannissaries, Ottoman slave soldiers that were taken in from Christian families. This practice was pretty controversial, with in some regions like Serbia, families occassionally mutilated their own children to not have them taken by Muslims, while in regions like Bosnia and Albania families sometimes bribed Ottoman officials to take their children, as being a devshirme for the most part guaranteed a high status.

Source: Osman's Dream by Caroline Finkel

Balkans in World History by Andrew Wachtel