I’m not knowledgeable enough about East Asian architecture to tell you much about Chinese mosques. However I can tell you that the premise of your question isn’t really true. Throughout the ages Muslims have adapted older building traditions for their own needs in many regions outside China.

This already starts with the oldest extant examples of Muslim religious architecture, the 7th and 8th century monuments of the Umayyad Caliphate in Greater Syria. As Muslim architecture was only just coming into its own their architects and craftsmen necessarily had to draw on the older traditions of the Late Antique Near East. For example it is no accident that the famous Dome of the Rock on Jerusalem’s Temple Mount is very similar in design to some Early Byzantine churches in the region like the Sergios Bacchos and Leontios Church in Bosra. The details of its decoration like the mosaics or the architectural sculpture also clearly follow Roman templates. Similarly the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and other early mosques adapted the design of Roman basilicas, be they civic or christian.

When the center of the Caliphate shifted towards Iraq after the Abbasid revolution Sasanian building traditions came into the forefront as this region had been the seat of Persian rule before the Islamic conquest. This meant that mud brick constructions and stucco décor became the norm for the great imperial projects.

There are plenty other examples from other epochs and geographic regions throughout the history of Islamic architecture. The Seljuq mosques in Anatolia share obvious similarities in construction technique with the churches of the christian Caucasus principalities. The great Ottoman Mosques of Istanbul were often heavily inspired by the architecture of Hagia Sophia which had been build roughly one thousand years earlier in the same city.

So all in all I’d say the examples from China that you mention aren’t as extraordinary as you think.

If you look at Ottoman Mosque architecture, you will see that the vast majority of the important ones follow a particularly pattern set out by Mimar Sinan, the most important Ottoman architect. However, this pattern is largely based on emulation not of traditional Arabic architecture, but of the Byzantine Church architecture, in particular the great cathedral of Haggia Sofia which the Ottomans turned into a mosque shortly after the conquest of Istanbul.

In a very real sense, a lot of the basics of Ottoman mosque architecture (the low domes, the use of half domes, poriticos, the square or rectangular plans) look like Byzantine churches with minarets, though there were also some obvious differences (different proportions, more open space inside the main dome, almost no colonnades, an emphasis on inner courtyards where Muslim absolution is preformed).

Later mosques in the Ottoman Empire didn't necessarily follow this pattern, however. One of my favorite Mosques in Turkey is the Ortakoy Mosque, which is very obviously in the same Baroque style as continental European churches of the period. The original was built in 1721, the one that currently stands was build between 1854-1856. One interesting thing about this mosque is that it was designed by two famous ethnic Armenians, farther and son Garabet and Nigogayos Baylan, who also built Dolmabahce Palace and a nearby Armenian church in similar neo-Baroque styles. This was one example of many and European-influenced Baroque architecture in many ways displaced Byzantine-influenced Classical Ottoman architecture as the dominant style of the period.

To echo /u/Guckfuchs and /u/Commustar, I am not sure I really understand what you mean by your question. Mosques seem to be generally built under the influence of local styles (or a fusion of a local style with a non-local style). Perhaps simply local styles of China are more different to your eye than local styles of the Near East or South Asia. My Turkish friends who've gone to, say, India have been shocked at how different the mosques look, and my South Asian friends who've visited Istanbul tend to see the mosques as architecturally very different from the mosques "back home".

I agree with /u/guchfuckhs, and I'd add examples like the great mosque of Mopti, the djinguereber mosque of timbuktu, or Kano's old grand mosque (since rebuilt in a more standard design) all show West African architectural styles very different from what you might see in Egypt or Saudi Arabia.