It seems almost obvious given the name and that Hannibal and his brothers operated in the area, but I don't recall any city of that name while reading about the later Roman Republic. And it seems like the Romans would definitely go out of their way to rename a recently founded city if it were named after their greatest enemy.
Like the name of Catalonia, the origin of the city of Barcelona is uncertain. The only thing confirmed about Barcelona's origin is that is from Iberian origin, the native name of the city was "Barkino" or "Barkeno", but as the iberian language is practically uknown and very few words have a confirmed translation, is uknown if the city was named after the Barcids or it meant something completly different. The city was during the first punic war a trade-post for the cartheginians to trade with the iberian tribes of the zone, but after the first invasion of Iberia during this time, the city would be under roman influence. When Rome conquered the punic territories of Iberia, many of the former territories and cities were only renamed to latin, we see that cases of Qart Hadasht (which would be latinified as Carthago Nova and later would become Cartagena, in Murcia), Gadir (which would be latinified to Gades, which would become Cadiz in Andalucía), Ibosim (which would become Ibiza/Eivissa in the Balearic Islands), etc.