Both Plato and Xenophon wrote about the trial of Socrates, but do we have any other sources from outside of his inner-circle? I'm asking because the charges, impiety and corrupting the youth, sound like they could have quite a few interpretations or implications that might not have been communicated by those who most respected him...
No, but there is one other primary source on Socrates which focuses on his early life: the playwright Aristophanes.
It is generally accepted that the three mostly intact sources for the life of Socrates are found by the following authors: Xenophon, Plato, and Aristophanes, the latter of whom was less than flattering but who produced what is technically the oldest surviving source. Socrates was apparently well aware of his semi-fictional depiction in The Clouds (and then later in The Birds and The Frogs). In Plato's Apology, Socrates complains at his trial that "that is what you have seen yourselves in the comedy of Aristophanes; who has introduced a man whom he calls Socrates, going about and saying that he can walk in the air, and talking a deal of nonsense." And the Socrates who appears in the plays of Aristophanes is remarkably different from the Socrates of Plato or Xenophon: this caricature is very interested in learning things like how far a flea can jump, and runs a "Thinkery" of similar-minded natural philosophers who pay him to instill his knowledge in their heads. This in sharp contrast to the Socrates who made much of knowing nothing except that he knows nothing, and who insisted on living in poverty.
There are no other primary sources on the life of Socrates (though some fragments from his other students and contemporaries exist), and none which describe the trial. The Athenian polity did not leave a surviving written record of his conviction and execution.
For an in-depth analysis of the three major primary sources on the life of Socrates (more detailed than the entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) and what each one contributes to our current understanding of who Socrates was, I recommend the following source:
Navia, Luis E. The Socratic Presence: A Study of the Sources. New York: Garland Pub, 1993.