Context: I am a Christian seeking understanding of the socio-historical foundations of my religion. I respect the scientific method and believe its method is well served to answer questions of history and religion. I am seeking a coherent knowledge base that i can use to inform my personal decisions about religion and its role in my life. I will be happy to hear the conjectures from psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, and scholars of religion. I'm not sure the answers i am seeking. I am preparing to go on a religious journey and i want to know the input of others while i prepare for this journey. The question, then, is:
What is your field of study, and what does it lend to a socio-historical analysis of the Abrahamic religion? What is your individual input? In your opinion, what can i work on to better understand this subject?
It might be a good idea for you to refine what you want to study a little. "The development of the Abrahamic religions" is a potentially vast topic, covering thousands of years and many different cultural contexts. Which bits are most interesting to you? Is there any particular part of the development that you want to know more about?
As a Roman historian, I can give you pointers towards understanding the context of the early church. Pagans and Christians by Robin Lane Fox is a little dated but still very good, so I'd recommend starting there. Keith Hopkins' A World Full of Gods is also worth reading. If you want to go straight to the primary evidence, I'd suggest reading the works of the Church Fathers, all available free and translated here. Tertullian and Origen wrote a number of sermons explaining aspects of Christianity to others, and some directly arguing against paganism and Judaism. Eusebius wrote a history of the church - it's not always the most reliable source, but shows how early Christians understood the development of their own faith, which is interesting in itself.
Hope this helps. If you have more specific questions within my field I'd be happy to answer them!