A lot of work has been done on the historical Jesus, and while there are many diverging views on the goals of Jesus, I feel like they're all much more grounded and as equally plausible. Many historians see him either as an apocalyptic prophet or as a social reformer who pushed for a more liberal view of Judaism, or possibly a little bit of both. No doubt he was sincere about himself and what he was trying to do. His followers were also very sincere about him, they were so devoted they even claimed to see him risen from the dead and died for this belief. As for Muhammad, not much has been said about him in western scholarship. Who exactly was the man? How reliable are Islamic sources about his life? And most of all, how sincere was he in his belief? Why would he suddenly claim to be getting "revelations" from God? What was the context behind this? What was he really experiencing? He never preformed a direct "miracle" like Jesus is said to have done; none of his other followers received revelations or experienced similar things as he did. Not even Jesus claimed to be getting divine revelations in the same way Muhammad claimed he was.
OP's asked lots of questions here, so there's definitely heaps of room for further answers and explanations! But definitely do see the discussion a couple of years ago between /u/ManicMarine, /u/CptBuck, and /u/shlin28 in the thread 'What is the consensus among historians as to whether Muhammad really existed?' - hope that helps!
Wow, I appreciate the amount of questions you've asked here; I don't think it can all be explained adequately in a Reddit thread, so here's a good book by a Western scholar on Islam that I would recommend: "Islam: A Short History" by Karen Armstrong (who is a former Catholic nun).
Here's the New York Times review of it: http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/09/03/reviews/000903.03mcneilt.html
Also, it's important to note that not much is known about the historical Jesus except through the Gospels and New Testament.