What was so "different" about the Etruscans?

by UshankaCzar

Whenever I read historians and archeologists talk about the Etruscans, they always mention how "different" and "unique" their culture was. I know historians believe that the Etruscan language was not Indo-European but other than this were there any aspects of their culture that were very distinct (religion, material culture, politics etc.)? Since the romans and the Etruscans apparently shared a great deal of their culture, how do we know what traits are originally Etruscan?

Tiako

I don't think it is fair to say that the Etruscans were "different", at least without a lot of clarification. For sure there were cultural features that separated them from other groups, but that describes every culture, which is part of the reason I also do not like the framing of the "mysterious" Etruscans or whatnot. There is a lot we do not know about them, but it is not more than we would expect to not know, likewise they are a distinct culture but they lived in a world with a lot of distinct cultures, and they fit very well into the Mediterranean world in which they lived.

There is also a bit of a conceptual problem of taking about culture in general as a collection of traits bundled together. To give an example of this, take the famous red and black figure vases that are so characteristic of our image if Greek art. These are pretty common finds in Etruscan sites, so we might reasonably say something like that they were Greek materials used by Etruscans, or that they show signs of Greek culture import in Etruria, or something like that. But it is a bit more complicated than that, because they weren't just popular in Etruria, the Etruscans were positively batty for them, to the extent that if you see a red figure pot, it was probably found in Italy. A fun way to demonstrate this is to look on the Wikipedia page, pick a picture and follow the provenance of the pot--almost all lead to Etruria.

It feels weird to call these pots "Etruscan" and to point to them as an example of something distinctly Etruscan, but the way they were used was. When you start talking about cultural distinctiveness these sorts of things tend to pop up.

So we can rattle off things like status of women, intimacy of art, and aristocratic warfare, but I am not sure it leads to a greater understanding of the Etruscans. That being sad, it can be interesting, so here is one example.

Status of women is probably most well known. The unusual liberality of gender relations was something that Roman authors noted, and seems to have some support in archaeology, which is admittedly patchy, difficult to interpret and often anecdotal. So, for example, there was the so-called Etruscan warrior princess recently, which showed that there were at least individual women who acted or presented militarily. A more nebulous but perhaps more representative point is that Etrsucan art works tend to eschew some of the gender dynamics we might be used to from Roman or especially Greek art. One commonly used example is this tomb painting which shows men (red skin) and women (white skin) reclining together. Without surviving legals codes or other instructive literary remains it is difficult to say much for certain, but I can speak for myself when I say that, were I to be reincarnated as a woman in the ancient world, I would be pretty relieved to end up in Etruria.

The Etruscans by Graeme Barker is a pretty solid overview, although a bit dry.