What were arms and armor like in the 11th Century, especially in the Frankish/Lombard estates?

by CaptainKiribati
Rittermeister

Equipment would vary with class and personal preferences, but this image is a reasonably accurate depiction of an aristocrat's war gear. Note the nasal helmet - the artist has depicted a more modern single piece dished helmet, but spangenhelms made from multiple strips of iron were still in use. The mail coat is longer than those worn earlier in the Middle Ages and has an integrated coif (hood) to protect the neck and face, but it remains short-sleeved. The ankle boots are soft leather turnshoes. He has a relatively short sword better suited to cutting than stabbing, and his shield is kite-shaped. Missing from the depiction is the lance, which he certainly would have possessed. From the 12th century the lance would be most frequently couched - that is, gripped under the arm to maximize shock - but in the 11th, they continued to be thrown and used to stab overhand with some frequency, and as such would be lighter and shorter and closer to ordinary spears than later lances.