I'm not sure we have sources of public opinion on nuclear weapons in China — after the Communist revolution of 1949 the concept of "public opinion" gets tricky in countries which lack freedom of speech, and given how much of the time period in question China was in the midst of upheaval (the Cultural Revolution), it wouldn't be a great time to be candid.

What we can say is that the Chinese government opinion of nuclear weapons initially dismissed them as unimportant (a "Paper Tiger"), after the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1955, where the US threatened to use nuclear weapons it pursued them relentlessly, both with and without Soviet assistance. Their successful testing of a nuclear weapon was seen as a triumph and source of pride by many of its people, showing that even a poor, non-white country could develop the technology if it put its mind (and considerable effort) to it.

On their development, see John W. Lewis and Xue Litai, China Builds the Bomb.

I have seen some indications that the Chinese, like the Koreans, were pleased with the use of the atomic bomb against Japan (an enemy they understandably despised given how the Japanese treated them as an invading power), but other than that I don't have any indications of the view of their publics.