I can't talk about furniture carpenters specifically, but craft quality control more broadly--sure!

We tend to think of medieval and early modern guilds as quasi-trade unions in the modern sense, protecting the craftsmen (and very occasionally women) of a city from competition. And it's true that limiting the number of people who could practice a particular craft was one function of guilds--although we often see in court cases the problem was less newcomers to the city or the untrained, and more members of one craft accusing members of another of edging in on their territory (in Rouen, the all-women guild of drapers of new fabric and drapers of secondhand fabric were fairly constantly in the courts against each other, for example.) Another major economic function was the power to determine and control promotion within the craft--apprentice, journeyman, master, etc. And very unlike unions, trade guilds were generally religious/civic bodies as well, with law-mandated annual religious responsibilities (sponsorship of a particular saint's feast play, or Eucharistic procession, and so forth) related to civic religious culture.

But an important, sometimes called the most important, function of craft guilds was the imposition of quality control on products. Although the position had different names in different cities, inspectors of wares were powerful guild leadership positions. From the late fifteenth century, shops in Germany and elsewhere were required to hang signs displaying the symbol of their craft, less to be identified to customers and more so inspectors wouldn't miss a shop. In London, even bread bakers had to carve their loaves with some kind of identifying mark so that a bad loaf of bread could be traced to its maker.

For substandard products (which we know happened frequently; /u/WARitter has talked a few times about how the idealized markers of "quality control tested" armour do not all that well reflect the actual quality thereof), there were a couple means of recourse.

Selling a bad product might be considered fraud, and subject the seller to criminal penalties. Most cases of this would relate to things that undermined the welfare of the city, such as bad food (for example, rotten meat hidden in pies, or mixing sawdust in with flour when baking bread). It was also possible to sue tradespeople directly. I'm familiar with this aspect mostly in medical professions. There's one great case from ~1500 Nuremberg where a very unhappy, now one-armed client sued a master barber-surgeon under the claim that the initial arm wound hadn't actually been that bad. It was the barber-surgeon's faulty methods that had worsened the problem, ultimately leading to the amputation. There was a heavy implication that the barber-surgeon had done so in order to charge the higher fee for the surgery.

Incidentally, OP, the mod team highly enjoyed the detail you put into your question and we would totally read your book. :)