Third and last time I try: How is a "classical republic" defined and how does it differ from a modern one? I've found many different explanations from dubious websites, I'm fine even with a book at this point.

I had many other questions, but by the time this thread comes around I always forget them... damn.

Hoping for some help from historians knowledgeable about gravestones, church history and death culture in late medieval/early modern England.

I visited St Eadburgha's Church in Broadway and encountered these fascinating gravestones. However, I can't decipher what's on them -- I can make out an 'AD' at the top of the second which I presume is short for Anno Domini, but I'm not 100% certain given the stone is so worn, and gravestones typically have the year of death at the end of the inscription. In essence, my question is how old are they? I was hoping someone would be able to date them from their unique form alone, given that they're near illegible. I've seen some gravestones with a vaguely similar form outside Durham Cathedral (which were from the mid seventeenth-century), but the style of engraving was completely different and a little better preserved.

Gregory of Tours wrote that in 589, a Burgundian army attacked Septimania. The Visigothic forces feigned retreat, then ambushed their pursuers, and so "caught them between two fires." Is that a figure of speech (like, 'the Franks were between a rock and a hard place'), or did the Goths literally set the woods near the river Aude alight to trap the Franks in their camp?

Did Lenin write "We must kill more professors!"?

In his book Lenin's Tomb pg 61, David Remnick quotes this in an offhand sentence mentioning "[Lenin's] bloody minded letters and cables." There is no citation given however, and I have been unable to find the quote online. Did Lenin say or write it? what was the context if he did?

In Pickering's Statutes At Large, a multi-volume compendium of English law enacted between the Magna Carta and the 19th century, it seems that the great majority of the early acts are recorded in both French and English versions, typically arranged side by side in the text. There are also a relative handful of English/Latin entries. The reign of Mary I seems to mark the end of this bilingual court record, with only English used from that point on.

However, during the bilingual period a sizeable minority of acts were recorded in English alone. Was there a legal or political reason for this deviation from the normal bilingual practice?

Or perhaps was this a quirk of Pickering's editorial style, that he chose to leave out some of the French versions to save printing costs or some other mundane reason?

What are the earliest accounts of what we could call germophobes today? Were there people who obsessively washed their hands prior to the invention of the microscope and the germ theory of disease?

How did confinement during pregnancy in medieval Europe come about? Did it have roots further in history? What did they gain by confinement or was it a way to restrict women? How long was a woman confined? Throughout the whole pregnancy? Last trimester? After birth?

Hello, I'm seeking books on the history of pre-Wright brothers flight attempts.

Separately, resources detailing the Bone Wars between Marsh and Cope are appreciated.

What are some good, up-to-date resources (books, articles) I can read on Japanese and East Asian prehistory? All I have is the introductory material in the Cambridge History of Japan. (I'm interested in sources in English, Japanese, or Spanish/Portuguese).

What book do you recommend for someone interested in European tactics at the turn of the 20th century?

The popular image of armies in 1914 is that their tactics had barely changed from the Napoleonic era, but that's obviously ridiculous. They were still woefully unprepared for modern war, but they thought they weren't. So how would a general in 1910 imagine a battle between European armies going?

Can anyone recommend a book on William Marshal? I'm also interested in medieval or renaissance noble life in Europe (of any country)

I hope book requests are allowed. Can anyone suggest some good books on Irish history? I've realised I'm woefully ignorant of the effects that the British (mainly English) government has had on the Irish people and would like to educate myself.

About a week ago, I read a Facebook comment comment that said Christopher Columbus was a pedophile. Is this true?

How tall (or short) was Charlemagne's father, Pepin the Short?

I asked this question a while back, and got an answer. However, when i asked a follow up question I didn't get anything. Does anyone knowledgeable about this subject (Japanese occupation of Korea) have some good sources I can look into?

I'm painting some WW2 Japanese warships, and from the colorized photos I've found there seems to be a huge discrepancy in the deck color, especially among larger vessels like Battleships and Carriers. Is there a reason for this? Different types of wood being used? Paint/Varnish? Artistic Interpretation/Error?

Thanks!

How different is the Korean spoken in the DPRK and South Korea? If it is different, is it because of the division after the war or was it pre-existing?

Can someone suggest a book about the history of time keeping? Calendars are fine, but I'm quite curious about medieval European conceptualizations of time.

Were there adrenaline junkies in the ancient world?

I am studying the origins of Christianity next semester. As someone who usually studies Modern history, how should I approach the different sources, ideas and writings et al. when writing essays or writing source commentaries. I feel like there are some massive differences the study and writing of ancient history in comparison with 19th century for example.

I've been reading Michael Chauveau's Egypt in the age of Cleopatra and he mentions how the Ptolemies essentially supersized the Athenian/Greek cleurch system to create a military reserve force and I just wondered how this would function in terms of payment etc...

Obviously, the Cleurchs didn't usually receive payment when they were demobilised (i.e. they had their land grant for that) but what about when they were on active service? Would they receive:

• an ordinary soldiers pay
• a reduced 'stipend'
• nothing i.e. have to be content with what they earned previously from their land grant

Also, (in theory) would cleruchs have any specific service obligation (e.g. up to 90 days service per year) or was it a question of 'if we need you, you're here for the duration'?

Thanks for reading

What would cause a late medieval man-at-arms to choose a sallet over a armet (and vice-versa)?

Are there any works which present details of weaponry production by country/item in the Second or First World War? I.e. outlining where each model of rifle/tank/pistol/etc. were produced (what factory/city/etc.).

I'm also seeking reliable books on the early period of modern meteorology, particularly the time around which Vilhelm Bjerknes and his contemporaries were working, though a few books on ancient meteorological attempts are appreciated as well.

How and when did horse archers fall out of use?

A few short questions.

I'm interested in the structure and consumption of the standard noble household in the Holy Roman Empire circa 1600. Any book recommendations or places to look for that one?

I'd also be very grateful if I could get recommendations for any in depth books on culinary history in the German speaking lands, specifically by region and extending at least into the late middle ages. Everything I've found in english so far has lacked the historical component I want.

Lastly: just what did Europeans drink before tea and coffee? I saw an answer on Quora that said heated spiced wine and other liqueurs were popular, but it had no source.

Would anybody happen to have have book suggestions for reading on the Boxer Rebellion, by any chance?

Any good books on Imperial Japan? I know that's a huge subject, so something on the Late Edo Period/Meiji Restoration sounds like a good place to start.

What was the advertising company called that facilitated mass emigration to Los Angeles in the late 1800's? I can never remember what it was called for some reason.