I was reading through some old Askhistorians threads (I'm not the only one who does this, right?) and found something that raised a lot of questions for me. It's this answer by /u/agentdcf about how people in Medieval Europe

had radically different values, motivations, goals, world-views, and so on... The people of the past were very different from us in fundamental ways... (such as) personal ambition through individual initiative and merit, a Cartesian separation of mind and body, a secular separation of the self from the Divine, and so on.

That tells me what they didn't think, what their values, motivations, goals, world-views, etc. weren't. So what were they? How did Medieval Europeans think? What values, motivations, goals, world-views, etc. did they have? What was their thought process for reaching those?