Sorry if this is an out of place answer.

I cannot speak historically but as a modern day sailor I can say that we do not experience jet lag from doing long voyages with a large time zone difference. We do however suffer from then continued advancing or retarding of an hour each day (slogging the clocks) messing with our sleep patterns.

Sailors did not experience jet lag as they traveled around the world, because their speed while doing so was so slow. A ship in the Age of Sail measured its day from noon until noon of the next day; noon was noted when a plumb line cast no shadow (i.e when the sun was directly overhead) and each half-hour from then was marked with a reset sandglass (whose sand ran out in, of course, 30 minutes).

As a ship traveled East or West, the time at which noon would be noted would be very slightly later or earlier (respectively) than it would have been if the ship had not moved (as a result of the change in Latitude). But this difference would only be a few seconds or minutes at most - usually less than the cumulative error of turning over a sandglass 24 times - and so would not likely even be noticed by the crew (at its most extreme speed, a sailing vessel might make 10 knots which at the equator would produce about a 15-minute change in noontime; there might have been rare instances of greater speeds and/or Longitudes that would have produced an even larger daily difference).