Math is universal and the same in every language, Arabic numerals provide distinct advantages over other forms of numerals like Roman numerals. Arabic script doesn't provide advantages over other script like numerals especially for non Arabic languages, many of which have sounds that cannot be accurately expressed in Arabic script. Arabic numerals were not adopted by the west due to Arab conquest/influence, they did so because they got something out of it.

Math is universal and the same in every language. Arabic numerals provide distinct advantages over other numeral systems like Roman numerals, they are much easier to work with. Arabic script, on the other hand, does not necessarily provide advantages over other scripts, especially for languages that contain sounds that can't be accurately reproduced in Arabic script. When the West adopted Arabic numerals it was not due to conquest or influence from the Arab world but because it gave them distinct advantages.

Arabic script was adopted in some places conquered by the Muslims, though, most notably in Persia/Iran.