The Mamluks were a class of non-Muslim boys who were taken at a young age and raised as Muslim warriors. Many of these solders excelled as administrators and soon enough grew to the status of governors and such. But as time went on the influence of these Mamluks grew to a point where they did a coup and overthrew the Ayyubids( in Egypt) and formed there own governments. These were first Turkic peoples, but they were quickly overthrown by rivals originating from the caucuses region. During these sultanates political infighting and revolts were common and no dynasty ruled for long with the longest being the Burji dynasty.

The rise of the Mamluks started in 1248 when the crusaders invaded Egypt, the Ayyubid sultan, as-Salih Ayyub led an army to stop the crusaders and eventually defeated them, shortly after he died and his son, al-Mu'azzam Turan-Shah took power. His son started to marginalize the Bahri( Mamluk) generals and soon enough he was assassinated by them. From then on the Ayyubid sultanate split in two with the Bahri mamluks controlling Egypt and an-Nasir Yusuf( an officer under the Ayyubid) in Syria fighting to put the Ayyubid back in power, this continued in a massive power struggle where both sides tried to wrestle power from each other. Soon enough both sides agreed to a cease fire by the caliph where an-Nasir Yusuf would own Sham (Syria and surrounding area) and the Bahri's would own Egypt. This cease fire quickly broke down and both sides were bogged down in fighting again. After a long struggle the Bahri Mamluks(now sultans) defeated an-Nasir Yusuf in a battle around Sinai and thus continued the Stalemate. Soon after Hulagu Khan rampaged around Arabia, razing Baghdad and then soon after Aleppo. then governor after governor surrendered to the Mongols. Nasir Yusuf then fled to Gaza where he was soon captured. Thus ended Nasir's reign in Sham. And when Hulagu Khan went back to Karakorum and left Kitbuqa a Nestorian Christian in power, Kitbaqu was then quickly defeated by the Mamluks at the battle of Ain-Jalut and within 5 days Damascus fell to the Mamluks solidifying Mamluks control over the sultanate. More info on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Fall

For info about the specific dynasties in the Mamluk Sultanate of egypt see:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)

The rise of the Mamluks into positions of power (sultans, emirs, etc) was not too common but a few more Mamluk dynasties did exist such as the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi of Turkic origin and the Mamluk dynasty of Iraq.

While it was uncommon for Mamluks to be sultans a similar form class of people did appear quite often in the Osmanli ( or Ottoman, I am used to saying Osmanli from childhood) empire where they were the governors of the various provinces were from the deverishime (Turkish system almost identical to the way Mamluks were raised)

(Pure speculation) I beleive that the fact that mamluks from circassian or whatever origin would not be precieved as too different because the mamluks were essentially egyption because they were raised that way.

Also I am not a historian so I might have mistakes pls correct me if I do.