Yes, the Maccabees became what was known as the Hasmonean Kingdom, which ruled from 140 BCE until the rise of the Idumean king Herod the Great in 37 BCE. Originally, they were a client kingdom of sorts of the Seleucids, but once the Seleucids waned in influence and power in the 110s, the Hasmoneans became an independent kingdom.

They expanded their holdings under John Hyrcanus, the priest-king (they were both a priestly and royal family, as per their origins with Mattathias, the founder).

Pompey invaded in the mid 60s BCE and took Jerusalem in 62 BCE. He made the Hasmoneans a client kingdom of Rome.

One of the best scholarly books on the Hasmoneans is Shaye Cohen's From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, though Lester Grabbe's work on Second Temple Judaism is also very accessible.