Did convoy ships to England during WWII do a return trip?

by davidblacksheep

I've seen a few documentaries about the Battle for the Atlantic and convoys and the various strategies that both sides used.

However- I haven't seen any details about the return trip.

Did the Liberty ships etc do a return trip? Were they carrying cargo? Were they targeted?

thefourthmaninaboat

Yes, there were convoys that crossed the Atlantic from the UK to America. During WWII, convoys were given an alphanumeric designation, starting with a two or three letter code that signified their starting point and destination. For example, convoys with codes starting with HX ran from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to the UK. Convoys starting in the UK had codes starting with the letter O for outbound, with the second letter designating the origin or destination of the convoy; OA convoys started in London (later the town of Methil in Fife), OB started in Liverpool, OG ran to Gibraltar, while ON ran to North American ports. At first, only the OA and OB convoys ran. They would meet up off Lands End before proceeding to North America under the OB designation. They were escorted only part of the way across the Atlantic, thanks to a shortage of escorts. The fall of France forced these convoys further north, and allowed U-boats to range further west into the Atlantic. This led to, in July 1941, their consolidation into the ON designation. Until April 1943, these were subdivided into fast (ON(F)) and slow convoys (ON(S)). In that month, the ONS designation was introduced for slow convoys running to North America. There was a further designation, UC, used for tanker convoys returning to Curacao in the Caribbean.

The ships in these convoys were mostly just carrying ballast. However, some cargoes were carried. Ships carried coal to Canada, or stores (equipment and munitions) to British bases in North America. ON and ONS convoys also carried some of the goods provided to America under Reverse Lend-Lease, including strategic materials produced in Britain and its colonies, or British designed equipment and engines. These convoys frequently came under attack. The Kriegsmarine was not trying to sink cargoes coming to the UK, instead it sought to sink enough ships that there were not enough to carry the needed volume of cargo. A number of key successes in the Battle of the Atlantic came as a result of attacks on OB or ON convoys. U-47, captained by the U-boat ace Gunther Prien, was sunk while attacking OB 293 in March 1941. A few months later, U-110 and, more importantly, her Enigma machine and associated materials, was captured after she attempted to attack OB 318. The crossing of ONS 5 in May 1943 was, arguably, the moment when Allied naval and air superiority truly began to tell on the Battle of the Atlantic.