The story of the Golem (either the Golem of Prague, or variants of that core idea) is the most obvious and repeated example of non-biblical Jewish folklore showing up in modern media. Sometimes "Golem" just means any animated statue, but often there's an explicit tie to the Jewish origins.
How did this come to be? Were Golem legends particularly popular within Jewish folklore before non-Jews starting using the idea? Did the idea of a Golem spread outside of Jewish folklore due to non-Jews reading Jewish folklore, or by Jews including the idea in writing meant for a broader audience?
I can't offer a conclusive answer to your question, but I think the Golem's crossover popularity owes a lot to Paul Wegener's films: as I'm sure you're aware, Wegener made & starred in Der Golem prior to the Great War that was subsequently lost. He re-made it, again in the title role, in '18, I believe, in a version still extant.
This was a fairly rare example of a gentile artist using primary Jewish folklore as source material.
I think, too, the story is a Central European, Jewish version of "Frankenstein", & look how popular that story has been, deriving from an okay, but not great, novel.