Here is a post from the FAQs that I prepared on the adoption of the bow and arrow in North America. I hope you find it helpful.

Summary up front: The Bow and Arrow technology comes into use during the prehistoric period at various locations in North America at different times and its presence is seen in some locations as diffusion from adjacent groups and in other locations as independent invention (sometimes multiple times in the same location). The prevailing thought is that while there were multiple origins and in some cases abandonments, the bow and arrow was in use in the Arctic, sub-Artic, and St. Lawrence Basin about 4500 years ago (ya), in southern New England and at least one location in the Great Lakes region by 4000 ya, some small areas of the southeastern woodlands by 2000 ya but most of it by 1000 years ago, the Great Plains by 1800 years ago, the Plateau by 2300 ya, the Southwest and Great Basin by 1400 years ago, and in California and the Northwest Coast at 1300-600 ya.

Bows in the west (specifically the southern Pacific Northwest) were made of Yew wood with sinew backing. Arrows were made of hazel or huckleberry shoots with cryptocrystalline or microcrystalline stone points (and some bone points) and feather fletching.

Arrow construction is actually something find extremely fascinating and have done a bit of research into projectile point construction. Basically you have a few main parts, with the shaft and point being the most time consuming to make. The shaft I am a bit less knowledgeable on, but I do know many cultures had processes to help straighten sticks to be used as shafts. What I do know a bit more about is the point on the end of the arrow, a technology used all over the world. In North America, a wide range of points have been used since the transition from the atalatl to bows and arrows. A really interesting example is the Madison Triangular point, some times also called a "bird point". It was built to break off upon impact with a target, basically leaving the tip in the animal and causing the shaft to fall to the side. This was intentional as it prevented the shaft from being damaged as the wounded animal fled and subsequently died. In fact many Madison Triangulars that we find show evidence of this, with the final third of the point often missing.

As for what was used to make a projectile point, various resources would be used. Speaking in terms of North America, chert and silicified sandstone were commonly used, and other sources such as obsidian and even copper would be used in the construction of projectile points. It all really depends on what region you are in and what time period.