Mesopotamia is often credited with many recorded "world's firsts" such as the wheel, units of measurements, and even abacus-like contraptions. I'm curious as to why this was relatively short-lived, obviously all civilizations come and go, but what happened to the mesopatamians?
The Mesopotamians didn't go anywhere. The term refers to a combination of geography and time-period that covers people who varied in both culture and language. They were not a unified people whose society came to an end.
The history of ancient Mesopotamia spans millennia. I've written previously about the Sumerians, the Akkadian empire and the rise of Babylonia, and the history of Assyria.