I imagine that people would be aware of their government, their monarch (either who the King of England was at any given time or who the king of Mercia or Wessex or whatever was if this is a while ago) and the name of their town, but what else would they know of the world? Would they know that Britain is an island off the coast of the rest of Europe? Would they know that York is far to the north of London? Would they know where France, Burgundy, the HRE, Castille and Aragon are if presented a map? Would an average person (post-conquest, obviously) know that the Battle of Hastings had been fought? Would they know that the Roman Empire was from Italy, and where Italy is? Would they know about events transpiring in Russia?
Basically, what's the extent of a medieval Englishman's knowledge of the world and world affairs?
Basically, the problem with trying to answer this is we don't really have sources for what the average Englishman thought about anything. A combination of widespread illiteracy and the huge expense of publishing limited the perspectives that have survived to us. For the most part, what we are left with are the writings of a clerical elite, themselves often writing on behalf of great lords or kings. And while this, along with archaeology, charters, etc, can help us reconstruct some aspects of peasant life, it's less useful when it comes to understanding the minds of the people involved. These churchmen were the most educated members of their society. It's like reading a history paper by a Harvard professor and trying to figure out, based on that, how much history the average citizen of Massachusetts knows. So while we can say that an educated clergyman probably would know the answers to all your questions, save the last one (I have never seen Kiev or Novgorod or Muscovy mentioned by any English chronicler), it's much harder to know what John Ploughman might.