I've written about the Armada here a bit before -- I will link to that older answer. Although it's a bit before my time period, I feel confident that I can answer follow-ups if you have them. Here's the older answer: https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/2krusl/why_did_the_spanish_armada_ultimately_fail/clodwdm/

The tl;dr is that essentially, the Spanish plan was not strategically sound -- the Armada was supposed to proceed easterly (downwind) through the English Channel, pick up the Duke of Parma's army near Dunkirk, then head westerly (upwind) again to attempt a landing somewhere on the southern coast of England. That presupposes a great deal of cooperation on the part of the weather, plus doesn't take into account that Parma's transports, embarking in shallow water off the coast, would be threatened by the shallow-draft ships of the Dutch navy (neither the English nor the Spanish could come to grips in the shoals). In the event, the English fleet successfully harassed the Spanish through the channel, scattered them with fire-ships near Dunkirk and pursued them north into the North Sea, where the English admirals, running low on ammunition, assumed the Spanish would make port and re-arm themselves. Instead the Spanish fled north around Scotland, losing the great majority of the Armada to storms and shipwreck.

While a lot has already been covered, I think its also important to note two more things; the shortage of supplies that plagued the Spanish, and the British naval strategy. Most notably, cannon and gun ammo, as well as food and water. The shortage came from both the fact that the Spanish Armada at first relied on supplies coming from friendly areas, or from being purchased by friendly or neutral ports. This mostly stopped after passing north of Dunkirk. At this point, ammo replenishment came pretty much impossible to come by. Whats more is that due to a freak accident, the Spanish lost a rather important ship carrying a large amount of ammo and food reserves. By the time the Spanish retreat had begun, many ships were very low or out of edible food and fresh water - leading to some trying to land on Ireland and then being destroyed by the rocky outcrops.

The British navel strategy was pretty much to keep far away from the Spanish and hit them from afar. The British ships had longer range, and the real strength of the Spanish in naval battles was having the ability to board and conquer opposing ships. While neither force was incredibly deadly at the range the battles were fought at, the British were still able to deal chip damage to many Spanish ships and crews while taking a considerable lesser amount of damage. Finally, the British also prioritized attacking the Spanish vice admiral, who often over-extended himself. This pretty much forced the Armada to send ships to save him. This happened several times, and led to a couple of Spanish ships being captured / sunk.