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Yes, they did - both as a pass-time and as a way of providing fresh food to supplement their diets.
I touched in this in describing the long voyage from the Netherlands to the East Indies in my book Batavia's Graveyard (2002) as follows:
On calm days fish were sometimes caught, but the tradition of the service dictated that no matter who reeled them in, the first landed each day went to the skipper, the next dozen or so to the merchants and the officers, and so on down the established lines of precedence. Again, it was uncommon for much to reach the ordinary sailors and soldiers.
The crews of Dutch East Indiamen also fished for sharks:
Sharks were by now a common sight around the Batavia and her consorts. Even in the seventeenth century they enjoyed an evil reputation for ferocity, and Dutch sailors sometimes told stories of fish that had been caught and cut open to reveal the severed legs or arms of recently deceased shipmates in their bellies. Seamen viewed all sharks as man-eaters and would go to considerable trouble to hook them on their lines. Sometimes a captured fish would be killed and put to good use on board - the rough, sandpapery skin was used to sharpen knives, heart and liver became ingredients for the surgeon's nostrums, and the brains were turned into a special paste that was thought to ease the agony of childbirth. But on other occasions, the men of a retourschip [large merchant ship built for the return voyage to the Indies] would exact revenge for all the sailors who had died between the jaws of a shark. It was considered fine sport to torture a captured monster by gouging out its eyes and cutting off its fins. Then an empty barrel would be tied to the mutilated animal's tail and the shark would be returned to the Atlantic. Unable to see or swim or dive, the wounded fish would thrash wildly in gouts of its own blood, endlessly circling and smashing into the sides of the ship until it either died of exhaustion or was eaten by its fellow predators.
I'm afraid I'm not qualified enough to provide ample answer, but I can provide further reading for perspective on what it takes to stock a ship for a voyage.
The relevant part is as follows:
For a single sailor, the following provisions are given: These are just the most important parts, I recommend reading the full material. Hardtack is a kind of non-spoilable bread that is sometimes referred to as "biscuits." It is characterized by its awfully unpalatable nature.
For "Per person per day", consider the following: You are exploring uncharted waters, so you need to stock for many days. Furthermore, you are guaranteed to suffer from injuries and diseases, so you don't take the 8-30 sailor complement you would for a voyage from port to port, you take nearly 360 sailors so that if one dies, he can be replaced. This gives you ginormous amount of provisions already not accounting for repair supplies, firewood and whatnot.
| Provision | Amount |
|---|---|
| Hardtack | 989 g per person per day. |
| Water | 2.738 L per person per day |
| Wine | 1.006 L per person per day. |
| Meat | 250 g per person per day |