I'm curious about how much ancient people knew about their own deep past. I know that they wouldn't have thought of it as "the Stone Age", but how did they think of it? Was there a sense of people living in a different way than they had in the past that was more grounded than the golden age-silver age-bronze age story or the Garden of Eden story, or was a sort of narrative about the deep past embedded in those myths somehow? Are there any accounts of the changes in tools and social structures as time went on?
I could have sworn that once I read a piece of work written by an Epicurean that spoke briefly about humans wearing raw skins and being hunted by animals before discovering fire and beginning to hunt the animals that had eaten them, and then learning how to work with wood and bronze and iron. I've been trying to find it but haven't had any luck. If anyone recognizes that or has any similar passages I'd be really grateful to hear about them.
Is the text your thinking of Lucretius, book 6? That discusses primitive humanity.
The Greeks and Romans did talk about earlier periods before their common experience; it's a very old theme and shows up already in Hesiod's Works and Days. Oddly enough, though, Hesiod told the story as one of decline. He describes five ages of humans with the oldest group being "gold" and the youngest being "iron." The golden race was just, lived without work, the earth just produced food and they shared the company of the gods. When they died out their ghosts became guardian spirits. The next was silver, and unjust, and had to be destroyed. The third was bronze and warlike and killed themselves off. The fourth was the age of heroes, which is the only positive move in the whole story. And then our age, iron, when kings are unjust and people have to work hard for a living. These people also will soon be destroyed.
That's not talking about history in any real sense though; it's a mythic history that is etiological, and it has common themes with other mythical histories such as the dream of Nebuchadnezzar. It's a story about morality and it explains how humans live now rather than trying to explain how humans lived in the past.
A Greek that DID try to explain the human past was Thucydides. The first part of his book is often referred to as "the Archaeology." He discusses city formation, the development of navies, the development of weapons etc. up to the Trojan war. Probably this has little to do with actual history, but unlike Hesiod, he's making a real attempt to get at the earliest human period and understand how it affects his particular history. The big changes for him were cities moving away from the coasts to avoid piracy, and the lack of carrying personal weapons. He says people used to, and they mostly don't now. The Archaeology is one of the most studied parts of Thucydides' history; the bibliography on it is huge.
Neither of those is discussing the Stone Age per se, but they are people thinking about the past and trying to talk about it.