The only thing I can think of is their revolt against Byzantine emperor Heraclius, during the Byzantine-Sassanid War (602-28 CE), which transpired on the cusp of the early Medieval period (as precipitated by the fall of Rome).

Jewish residents of the Holy Land were frustrated by their persecution under Greek Orthodox Christian Byzantine rule (which deemed Jews as heretics) and consequently allied themselves with the rival Sassanid Persians, who supported the Jewish insurgency.

Together, in 614, the Persian and Jewish forces managed to conquer Jerusalem, and for 15 years, the Jewish people enjoyed autonomy.

After that, however, the Byzantines reclaimed the Holy Land and kept it until its capture by the Muslims in 637. Interestingly enough, the Jews and non-Greek-Orthodox Christians welcomed their new Muslim rulers in lieu of the Byzantines, due to their being more religiously tolerant.

That would be the last time a serious effort was mounted by the Jewish people to attain autonomy until the Zionist movement of the late nineteenth century (ultimately manifesting in the creation of Israel).