Pointing to previous answers is not intended to discourage followon questions or disputes. Please feel free to post more if you like, and I hope other people post more data or links.

There's an FAQ section, "Biology, evolution, and fossils" at https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/wiki/science#wiki_biology.2C_evolution.2C_and_fossils . It looks like the best discussion may be "Is there any evidence of cultures finding dinosaur fossils before the 17th century? If so, what were their reactions or beliefs surrounding the fossils?" at https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/1t2d0l/is_there_any_evidence_of_cultures_finding/ The main answer is by [deleted], alas, and talks about Greek and a bit of Roman sources. /u/masiakasaurus has more discussion in later Europe.