There was never consensus that they were "out", and the later case of Texas v. White (1869) said that they never had been. The debate in the Senate was ostensibly about whether the governments reconstituted by military governments and Presidential order in occupied states would be recognized, with their 10% vote requirement. McPherson, The Battle Cry of Freedom, suggests that the underlying issue was whether the President or Congress would set the terms of reconstruction / readmission.

As for "For the records in Louisiana, how was this information disseminated? Did the Confederacy allow vote information to be easily released to the Union since they voted for Lincoln?" I'm afraid I don't understand the question. Of course the Confederacy had nothing to do with it. The state constitutional convention was held in Union-controlled territory, and so was any voting done pursuant to it. I don't know whether the US postal service had been set up there, but if not, messages could have been routed through the army and navy personnel.

I've just been wading through the Congressional Globe (the title from 1833-1873 for what is now the Congressional Record).

H. R. 126 was a concurrent resolution originating in the House. The Globe is inconvenient on it, but I think the gist was this:

The preamble to the joint resolution recites that the inhabitants and local authorities of the States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Tennessee rebelled against the Government of the United States, and were in such state of rebellion on the 8th of November, 1864, that no valid election for President and Vice President of the United States according to the Constitution and laws thereof was held therein on said day.

The joint resolution provides that the States mentioned in the preamble are not entitled to representation in the Electorial College for the choice of President and Vice President of the United States for the term of office commencing on the 4th of March, 1865, and that no electoral votes shall be received or counted from those States concerning the choice of President and Vice President for that term.

Italics mine: those were states for which governments had been set up by Presidential order.

I didn't see significant debate in the Globe for the House. I suspect that any heavy lifting that may have happened was done in the Committee on the Judiciary, which reported the resolution. And since the first procedural vote passed on a two-third vote, the House was pretty well in favor. They also approved without a division the amended version that came from the Senate.

Sweet Jesus on a waffle cone was there ever debate in the Senate. I was tired and I exaggerated. It wasn't Compromise of 1850 debate by any means, just days. The debate was specifically about Louisiana. Since the pages are images, there's not a great way to search them, but I noticed few references to Arkansas or Tennessee. But the resolution (after many voted-down calls for adjournment) was eventually passed.