I think it is quite hard to summarize Protestant views towards Darwin, because Protestantism is so multi-faceted and not a single creed. The Anglican Church and the American Baptists do not agree on too much when it comes to theology, as an example. I think you would want to get very specific about which Protestants you were interested in — e.g., American, British, German? And when: in Darwin's time, or afterwards? There were some individual Protestants (like his colleague Asa Gray) who had no trouble integrating Darwinism into their religion (through, for example, notions that God "guided" evolutionary processes).
Your second question, on Darwin's own beliefs, is hard to answer simply. It is silly to think that Darwin's own fall from faith was some simple or quick thing — that is not how faith tends to work. It did have some relation to his scientific thinking (e.g. uniformitarian geology, for example, which certainly rules out a literal reading of Genesis), though preceded his formal description of evolutionary theory. The death of his daughter Anne in 1851 is often cited as the final nail in the coffin of his faith. So I think you have it a bit oversimplified, yes — he is not a character in a story or a movie, he is a real human being.
My favorite biographies of Darwin are those by Janet Browne, Adrian Desmond, and James Moore. They contain many full discussions of what we know about Darwin's religious beliefs, and are written by serious historians of science.
Have you considered r/AskScience as well? You might get a larger audience of people who've read Darwin biographies.
Sounds really cool. May I ask which course this is for?
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