I know for example that in Alexander the Great's Battle of Gaugamela, he only knew his left flank was losing due to a messenger. If I'm not mistaken, battles in that time could have huge battle lines stretching for kilometres maybe. How would an army communicate within itself in the middle of all the fighting and screaming, and still remain organized?
Not to discourage any further answers but you might like to check out:
How did the Spartans or other classical armies communicate during a battle? by /u/Iphikrates