Specifically, I'd like to know if there were any established cultural attitudes that contributed to or detracted from the state's opinion concerning these substances.
Google has no answers, and the drugs subs usually tell the same story of the state safeguarding their monopoly on the lives of the citizenry. I'm wondering if there's any real scholarship on this topic.
I'm a professor of early modern history and have done some original research into this. The answer to your question is yes, but rarely, and as far as I know, only in Spanish and Portuguese sources.
The Spanish chronicler Bernardino Sahagun (1500-1590) described a plant he called peiotl used by the Chichimeca "in place of wine, in the same fashion as the bad mushrooms [hongos malos] which are called nanacatl and are which also make one drunk like wine." In another passage, Sahagun wrote that peyote was used "in parts of the north… to see frightful or laughable visions; during this time they are drunk for two or three days." (The translation is my own).
The nancatl that he mentions are most likely psilocybin mushrooms, since there's a long tradition of their use in Pre-Columbian Mexico. Sahagun was likely referring to the Nahuatl word teo-nanacatl, "god mushrooms."
First time posting here in some time by the way - to the mods, sorry for not applying my flair yet, will do so right after this. Edit: looks like I have to make 2 more comments to be flaired due to the 6 month limit.