Yes and no. Peasant autonomous communities did exist in the late medieval period in the form of the Diggers and the Levelers (around mid 1600). Protestant movements who tried to reform the land and society to make it "level" and thus get rid of class.

There was also the Peasant Rebellion of 1381. Which saw great quotes like " When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman ? From the beginning all men by nature were created alike, and our bondage or servitude came in by the unjust oppression of naughty men. For if God would have had any bondmen from the beginning, he would have appointed who should be bond, and who free. And therefore I exhort you to consider that now the time is come, appointed to us by God, in which ye may ( if ye will ) cast off the yoke of bondage, and recover liberty." - John Ball
However this was destroyed before it really took off

However, would they have described themselves that way? absolutely not. It was still a very protestant movement and the language from the piece is far more inspired by 1800s Anarchists such as Proudhon

Sources

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/voices/voices_reading_revolt.shtml

http://www.rogerlovejoy.co.uk/philosophy/diggers/diggers3.htm