Spain's early colonies were mostly in the Caribbean, Mexico, and South America, where they had many successful settlements. There were Spanish colonists as far north as Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, and these were part of Mexico for a long time, but the U.S. won them in the Mexican-American War in the 1840s.
Spain also claimed Florida, but it was a disputed claim with the French, and once they got around to establishing a permanent military fort there in the late 1500s, they successfully chased away a similar French fort not far away from St. Augustine. But the rest of the 1600s and early 1700s was spent trying to fend off attacks by the French and English/British so it never got going to a great degree like the rest of Spain's considerable New World colonial land holdings.
In 1763, Spain traded their claims in Florida to the British for the British's claims in Cuba, but then Spain took possession back with the treaty that ended the American Revolution (Spain had lent some support to the French/American cause against the British). Florida stayed in Spanish hands until the end of the First Seminole War in the 1810s, a war the U.S. Army won under the command of General Andrew Jackson. War continued in Florida between U.S. forces and Indian forces right through the 1830s, continuing until the Indian Removal Act passed during Andrew Jackson's presidency that resulted in the infamous Trail of Tears. In other words, Florida was a hot mess of war for a long time between European powers, and the local Indian nations also waged war to keep Europeans out, so it didn't grow like the rest of the eastern seaboard until much later.
The French established the colonies of Acadia, Quebec, and Louisiana in North America, but the first was lost to the British during Queen Anne's War, the second was lost to the British during the French and Indian War (which also solidified their claim to Acadia a.k.a. the maritime provinces of Canada), and the last was sold to the United States in 1803.
The Swedish established the first settlement in what became Delaware in 1638, but they were defeated by the Dutch in 1655, and it became part of "New Netherland".
The Dutch controlled New Netherland until 1664, and again briefly in 1673-74, when the English negotiated for undisputed control in the peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. New Netherland was then split into the colonies of New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.
So "seemingly" is the key word to your post, because many different European countries had successful colonies in North America. That's why there's still French speaking populations in Quebec and (to a lesser extent) Louisiana, and why there have been continuous Spanish speaking populations in Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California since colonial times, and why there continued to be native New York/New Jersey Dutch speakers in those states until the early 1900s before the population finally died off.
The reason the English colonies seem more successful is that they won well-established colonies of other European powers by defeating their rivals in several wars during the 1600s and 1700s. And the U.S. continued that trend with the Mexican-American War and other wars, as well as through more peaceful means, such as by buying Louisiana from France. And once each of these areas fell under British or U.S. control, English-speaking settlers moved in to them, ultimately dwarfing (in most places) the communities that had been established before.
Sources:
The War that Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War by Fred Anderson
Florida, 1513-1913, Past and Future: Four Hundred Years of Wars by George M. Chapin
Andrew Jackson by William Graham Sumner
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict by Richard Griswold del Castillo
A History of Nova-Scotia, or Acadie by Beamish Murdoch
The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution by Victor Coffin
The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1655 by Amandus Johnson
The Memorial History of the City of New-York by James Grant Wilson