Follow up question: Do we know of any older civilizations like the Judeans/Assyrians/Lydians/Hittites/etc that have adopted another civilization’s military tactics? Any examples akin to the Judeans adopting the Macedonian Phalanx?
I feel like military tactics are a hugely central facet of a people’s culture, and for the most part each great world power (Rome, Macedonia/Greece, Medo-Persia, etc) had its own flavor that only slightly changed when they integrated another culture into their empire, such as when the Phoenicians joined Persia.
If they did, it was anomalous, and a huge mistake.
In the Maccabean revolt, the Judean forces largely relied on guerilla tactics, with militias doing the fighting instead of the Hellenistic Lockstep that had proved so effective against other opponents.
So what does guerilla warfare look like at this time? Spears, javelins, and light bows. The Judeans had no heavy arms or armour, indeed, it is recorded that at the Battle of Emmaus, Judah encouraged his men to fight anyway despite their arms disadvantage "For it is better for us to die in battle than to see the evils of our nation, and of the holies. Nevertheless, as it shall be the will of God in heaven, so be it done." This wasn't to say that the Maccabean armies weren't organized, as units were assembled from 1000 all the way down to 10 (a command structure that allowed for greater independence and creativity when fighting the sort of one-trick-pony that a phalanx was).
So Phalanxes are great, but they have three main disadvantages.
They're slow. Moving hundreds and thousands of people in one cohesive unit with spears lapping over each other is never going to be the quickest way to end a battle.
They're vulnerable to missiles and other projectiles. Much and more is made of the defensive capabilities of the phalanx, but with little more than shields to their sides, and with longer pikes, rarely even that, all you have to protect your body is the spear over you, which isn't great for peace of mind when there's a hail of objects sharp or blunt coming your way, nevermind not all that effective.
In hilly and mountainous terrain, it's downright counter-intuitive to employ a phalanx. Which the Seleucids did, and the Maccabeans exploited relentlessly.
In short, the Maccabees didn't use Phalanxes, and one of the big reasons they won is because the Seleucids did.
Sources
Mattis Kantor, "The Jewish Timeline Encyclopedia," (1989: Jason Aronson, Inc., NJ)
The Maccabees/Hasmoneans: History & Overview (166-129BC) The Jewish Virtual Library