My son's history teacher said that Jesus was not the only miracle worker active in Palestine around 0 AD. Who were the others, and why do they not have a legacy similar to that of Jesus?

Obviously "miracle worker" is going to be a tough thing to prove historically, but I assume you're not asking about the historicity of Jesus' miracles or any other "miracle workers" of the time, and you're just asking if there are any other people around that time who had miracles attributed to them.

The answer is yes, but a more interesting thing to point out is that Jesus wasn't even the only miracle worker/contender to being messiah referenced in the Bible. The Bible has both Herod, and John the Baptist as characters in the narrative of Jesus, and both men were claimed by people to be the messiah/workers of miracles.

Herod was famous because he was king, and built the Second Temple. That the messiah would be a king, or at least of the line of a king, was pretty much accepted by Pharisees and Sadducees alike (I don't know about the Essenes). In addition, his rebuilding of the temple was seen by many as a miracle, AND was one of the things many Jewish people took to be a sign that the messiah had either arrived or was near.

John the Baptist was had a ministry not unlike that of Jesus, going around baptizing people in water, and many of those people would allegedly report spiritual experiences (at least in the Bible). The Bible also tells us that Herod had John the Baptist killed, and, in one narrative, that he was worried about having killed him because he believed John the Baptist actually was the messiah.

I really recommend the first part of Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism for the situation in Roman occupied Palestine around that time, and the varying claims to divinity in the region. John the Baptist and Herod weren't the only messiah contenders, just the only two to earn a mention in the Bible.

As to the second part of your question about legacy, it's hard to say. Neither Herod nor John the Baptist had a resurrection story floating around after their deaths, and Peter, Paul, and the other apostles were really good at spreading Jesus' story around, so that can account for part of it. That the Roman Empire eventually accepted Christianity and not some other movement born at the same time period certainly impacted the legacy of Jesus in the west after that point, but I don't think anyone can definitively point to one reason why Jesus' legacy is so prolific and the other messiah-contenders of the time faded to obscurity.