So first, judges robes are very plain by design, so anything that departs from that norm is usually taken note of. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor penned a very good article on the traditional judicial garb in 2013.

As to the crux of your question however, probably the most interesting robe choice that departs from the norm is the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, John Jay. While he isn't as well known as his successor, John Marshall, Jay had a flair for atypical attire in the court room. See here for a picture of his robes, at the Smithsonian.

Jay is the only other justice that stands out to me (and also looking at the portraits of every Supreme Court Justice. While there are rules governing professionalism, through the Judicial Conference of the United States, the attire is for the most part, completely within the purview of the individual judge/justice. Of course, you would never likely see an Associate Justice wearing something more bright and 'pompous' without taking direction from its Chief Justice.

Put simply, the black robes are a mainstay for one reason, tradition. The entire judiciary is fundamentally attached to the notion of tradition. The motto of our justice system is "Stare Decisis" (Let the Decision Stand); and well a decision was in fact made, and it has stood for well over two-hundred years.

Hope this helps!

Edit: changed predecessor to successor.