This won’t be a terribly long answer, but hopefully it will be valuable to you. Much of it will come from one source (because I’m tired), but I’m willing to follow up any questions you might have.

Was there any thing majorly noteworthy that proved useful to the colonialists?

I can’t speak to all the time periods and areas you mentioned, and this will be a broad overview to stress that Native Americans were instrumental in European colonization of the Americas. Europeans were strangers on foreign shores. They tried to establish footholds in lands that had been populated for tens of thousands of years by peoples who had thrived there. Yes, those peoples developed useful technologies.

We can answer this question by listing technologies that Europeans used and adapted. Canoes, snowshoes, moccasins, fishing weirs more suitable for the area, tobacco, rubber, hunting techniques. That answer drives home succinctly the material contributions of Indians, but it doesn’t speak to the importance of such a list. It’s quite a long list and should be highlighted more often than it is, but more interesting is the idea of just what a peopled New World with pre-European technology means to history.

Once upon a time, historian James Axtell approached this question by positing a counterfactual: Colonial America without the Indians. His paper was published in 1987, and he opened by saying:

It is taking us painfully long to realize that throughout most of American history the Indians were “one of the principal determinants of historical events.” A growing number of scholars understand that fact, but the great majority of us still regard the native Americans—if we regard them at all—as exotic or pathetic footnotes to the main course of American history.

He goes on to highlight the well-meaning, but “unproductive” looking glasses as described by Robert Berkhofer. They are, roughly:

• The Great Man approach: The domineering will of enterprising Europeans subdued the natural, unsophisticated innocence of the Americas.

• The “more-civilized” approach: The slaughter of the innocent Indian by the European as foil to the contributions by Indians to Europeans

• The “crushed personality/cultural theft” approach: Change introduced by Europeans cannot aid Indian cultures, only destroy it.

• The contributions approach: Lists like the one above

Let’s be clear about this. It is absolutely beyond question that Europeans made conscious efforts to subdue Indian culture, prosperity, and self-determination in the Americas. The problem that Axtell points to with the first three approaches is that they strip away the agency of those very same Indians. As he says, “At best they alert us to the moral dimensions of Indian-white history.” Otherwise, they either allow Indians only to resist or be resigned to history as nothing more than victims.

His critique of the fourth approach is in the tendency to omit contextualization in its application. Lists like the Wiki one above are often given in a free-floating fashion and serve as little more than trivia. As Axtell points out, if the Spanish had not been enticed by the jewelry worn by the first people they encountered on the other side of the Atlantic they may very well have never extracted the silver that transformed the economic landscape of Europe. Likewise, the failure of the English to utilize Algonquian planting techniques for corn and tobacco never would have stuffed the nascent empire’s coffers and subsequently fueled further colonization ventures. In the case of corn especially, forget the planting techniques, corn itself is the technology. From Axtell again:

There would have been no maize or Indian corn, the staple crop grown throughout the colonial period to feed people and sometimes to fatten livestock for export. If Indians had not adapted wild Mexican corn to the colder, moister climates of North America and developed the agricultural techniques of hilling, fertilizing by annual burning, and co-planting with nitrogen-fixing beans to reduce soil depletion, the colonists would have lacked a secure livelihood, particularly in the early years before traditional European cereal crops had been adapted to the American climate and soils.

The English used canoes to explore the interior of Virginia in the earliest days and lay claim to lands they had only just seen with their own eyes. They used the lands that had been cleared by Algonquians to ease the planting of their own farms. When Indians withheld their support the English often suffered. John Smith wrote about the fat birds floating on the James River in a “so close yet so far” type of way while the food supply at Jamestown dwindled. American Indian technology was not just useful to Europeans, it played a role in setting the trajectory of European colonization that can hardly be overstated.

Also, lasagna.

I don’t want to jump the gun on the other places you mentioned in the question, but this story most certainly plays out similarly elsewhere and is just as understated. There’s a lot of good reading on technology exchange and early encounters.

Axtell, James. "Colonial America without the Indians: Counterfactual reflections." The Journal of American History 73, no. 4 (1987): 981-996.

Joyce Chaplin, Subject Matter: Technology, the Body, and Science on the Anglo-American Frontier, 1500-1676, Harvard, 2000

James Delbourgo and Nicholas Dew, Science and Empire in the Atlantic World (Routledge, 2008)

James Axtell, “White Indians of Colonial America,” William & Mary Quarterly 32 (1975): 55-88

For great, popular reading see:

Mann, Charles C. 1491: New revelations of the Americas before Columbus. Alfred a Knopf Incorporated, 2005.

Mann, Charles C. 1493: Uncovering the new world Columbus created. Vintage, 2011.

In regards to North America, the following threads may help answer your question

Were there any inventions or tools Europeans have adopted from Native Americans? answered by /u/Reedstilt is a large overview

Were any technologies of the native North Americans adopted by Spanish, French, or British colonials during the early colonial period (15th-16th century). answered by /u/eFFiX focuses on snowshoes, kayaks, and canoes.