Before the area was known as Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza, under Israeli control/occupation, it was known as Israel, Egyptian-occupied Gaza, and the Jordanian-occupied-and-annexed West Bank (from 1949-67). Before that, the area was controlled in full by the British (roughly 1920-1948). Before that, it was under Ottoman control for around 400 years (generally, there were a few years where invasions or rebellions altered control). Before that, it was under Arab caliphates with different leaders and various centers of control, with sporadic intervention by Christian/Crusader armies. I can continue, but I'm not sure how much further back behind around 630AD you're looking to discuss!

There was a back and forth fight there between egypt and whoever ruled mesopothamia until romans got there. When boths kingdoms were weaks, local reigns were allowed ("original" israel and judah).