From what I can tell Mustafa Ataturk was mainly concerned about social reform and building a modern turkey. Why did these moderate political views thrive in turkey during a time when facist and communist ideas where thriving all over the world? Where their any notable right wing fringe movements in turkey that wanted to restore the ottoman empire at its place of being the world power in the middle east? And if so, did they have any realistic chance of coming to power?
It's important to note that, at this time, the lands they lost with the exception of Saudi Arabia were all British and French colonies who were at the height of their power. Taking back Iraq or Syria or Palestine didn't mean going to war with some two-bit monarch or collapsing empire, it meant taking them from some of the strongest militaries in the world. Additionally, the ideals of the Arab Revolt were probably still very strong in many of these territories, and the Turks would have likely faced an unending insurgency if they tried to retake any of the old Ottoman territories.