How did the British colonize the American eastern seaboard while the Native Americans were living there?

by Flopsey

The details of the westward expansion are fairly common knowledge: manifest destiny, settlers, poxy blankets, buffalo soldiers, reservations, battles, etc.

But how the colonists got the land for the 13 colonies seems less well known. I know the tribes on the east coast moved west sometimes supplanting the tribes who were already there. But why did they leave their lands? I don't remember learning about them being violently removed from their lands. Although there was some violence, famously Wall St. in NYC was originally had a defensive wall to protect the colonists from the natives. But I don't picture the same kind of deliberate, violent land grab that we think about when we think of the expansion of America.

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There are various different means that incoming settlers procured the lands. There were a few cases where the natives just left after realizing fairly early on that a relationship with the incoming white men wasn't going to work well. Michael N. McConnell discusses this in his work A Country Between: The Ohio River Valley and its Peoples, 1724-1774, where he talks about how the Delaware, Shawnee, and some Seneca migrated into the Ohio River Valley fairly early on in the colonial period to escape expansion. It should be noted that there was little conflict for that land, as most of the previous inhabitants of the Ohio River Valley had died or migrated in the wake of epidemic that spread following Spanish contact with other native groups in different regions of the Americas.

One means of actually through simply developing land. The English idea of possession of land meant that it was actively developed with houses, fences, and agriculture. Because the natives didn't do this, the English claimed that the Indians had no natural rights to land, thus making it ripe for the picking (cited in Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World 1492-1640). Once developed, the English would, at times, use agriculture against the natives. Backcountry farmers would "accidentally" have their cows and pigs roam into Native's crop fields, where the animals would eat a significant amount of the crop, this frustrating the Natives enough that many decided to move west to avoid further interaction. (David J. Silverman, "'We Chuse to Be Bounded,' Native American Animal Husbandry in Colonial New England," in William & Mary Quarterly 60, no. 3 (July 2003)).

There was certainly violence that occurred to remove Natives as well. Often times, though, the violence wasn't entirely sanctioned by the ruling bodies of the colonies. Often it would be backcountry settlers, often times not of English origin, who would go after Natives in an attempt to drive them away from their established settlements. One of the more infamous instances of this, though occurring a bit later, as it was after the Seven Year War, was the Paxton Boys, a group of Scots-Irish living in Pennsylvania who attacked the Conestoga and Susquehhanock natives, then demanded that the PA government help them drive natives further out of PA to open up more space to settle. (Peter Silver, Our Savage Neighbors: How Indian War Transformed Early America). The earlier Bacon's Rebellion, too, was brought on in part by concerns about Natives. Virginia's failure to retaliate for recent Native American attacks and its denial to backcountry settlers the ability to settle on western Indian lands led the settler rallying around Bacon to attack Indians and to challenge the authority of Virginia.

This is not to say there were no formal attempts at using violence to take land. Returning to McConnell's book, the Natives who had moved into the Ohio River Valley found themselves under threat from the Virginia Colony in the 1770s, as Dunmore's War was waged officially as a means to remove hostile natives but truly as a means to allow Virginians to settle in the highly fertile area. As such, there were definitely a variety of ways of wrangling land away from the Natives.