Immediately.

Even before the ratification of the Constitution, there were two main political camps, divided into federalists (who supported a central federal government to unite the colonies) and the antifederalists (who believed a central federal government would inevitably become oppressive). After the Constitution was ratified and it was clear the antifederalists had lost, their influence diminished rapidly (though it should be noted that antifederalists arguably led the charge to create and ratify the Bill of Rights).

In the following years, the two major political camps became the Federalists (who believed in a strong federal government) and the Democratic-Republicans (who believed in an emphasis on states’ rights). It’s worth pointing out here that not everyone who was a Federalist before the Constitution remained one. For instance, James Madison was arguably the single most important figure in getting the Constitution ratified, but would later become a figurehead of the Democratic-Republicans.

George Washington was the only president not to be formally affiliated with a major political camp, as he believed he could best serve the United States if he didn’t alienate either side. In practice though, he almost always agreed with Hamilton and the Federalists Jefferson and Madison, and the Democratic-Republicans.

After Washington retired, the presidential elections were the Democratic-Republicans vs. Federalists, which eventually gave way to the Democrats (replacing the Democratic-Republicans) vs. Whigs (replacing the Federalists*), and finally the Democrats vs. Republicans (replacing the Whigs**). While other minor parties rose and fell over the course of US history, only these five parties have ever held the office of President of the United States.

*The Whigs were a collection of several different governmental philosophies who came together to oppose the Democrats, and as such, they were often disjointed, didn't run as a collective, and quickly fell apart as the question of slavery came to a head.

**The Republicans effectively replaced the Whigs, but not all Whigs were anti-slavery (a key reason they fell apart, as noted above), while the Republican Party was founded as an anti-slavery party.

Sources:

Washington: A Life - Ron Chernow

Alexander Hamilton - Ron Chernow

John Tyler: The Accidental President - Edward Crapol