Why are depictions of devils so similar across Old World cultures?

by kotmon

We all think of horned demons, right? Yet this image is so prevalent and similar across cultures that it can't be mere coincidence.

Here's a Central European devil/krampus

Here's the demon Hiranyaksha in Hinduism (on the floor)

Here's a Central Asian Div

Here's a demon in Islam

Here's a Japanese Oni

Here's two Korean Dokkaebi

How did all these cultures develop such similar depictions despite being so different in other aspects? Can it really just be attributed to parallel development and cultural exchange over millennia, or is there something about goat/ram horns on human-like heads that is particularly unnerving to the human psyche (say, the cognitive dissonance of considering a malicious being to have features of goats and sheep, peaceful and unassuming animals)? Why is it just Old World cultures that seem to imagine devils like this? I assume it's because goats are Old World native animals, but still, Maori and Aztec folklore, among others, depict their demons and underworld spirits with predatory features like that of eagles, snakes, and tigers, rather than domestic animals. What makes their devils different?

NientedeNada

I wrote a post about oni's horns here, in which I discussed but ultimately couldn't answer this question of a possible relationship between European and East Asian horned demons. However, there are a few points there may help you out. First, the horns on Japanese oni are ox-horns, not goats/sheep. Secondly, they're borrowed from Chinese Buddhist sources, Japanese oni didn't originally have physical forms.

This means that you're not looking at independent examples of horned demons arising in China and Japan. It's the same tradition, transplanted into Japan from China via Buddhism. I don't personally know how the other Asian examples are linked, but I wouldn't assume that they're independent either.