Of course we hear about the Green Berets, Navy SEALs, SAS, Shayetet 13 and the Spetsnaz from their respective nations, but did the communist Vietnamese during the war have their own special forces? If so, what were they like? How many of them were there? How did selection work, and what was the recruitment process? What additional training / equipment did they receive?
To my understanding, there were soldiers that utilized guerilla tactics, but was there an "elite of the elite" sort of group within? Sorry if my question was worded weird, or if I said anything that's incorrect. Thanks!
Yes they did. A solid tl;dr from a graduate thesis over at the Naval Postgraduate School:
The People’s Army of Vietnam also had a highly organized, well trained, and well equipped organization capable of carrying out special operations. This organization was the sapper arm, and it was composed of three separate types of units. The Urban Sapper was concerned with intelligence gathering, terrorism, assassination, and special operations in the large urban areas such as Saigon and Hue. The Naval Sapper was responsible for attacking shipping, bridges, and bases located near waterways. The Field Sapper conducted operations against deployed US and South Vietnamese troops, trained other communist troops as sappers, and gave the communist leadership an elite force for lightning raids. The sapper force had certain operational principles, organizational constructs, and functional methods that set it apart from any other communist military element used during the Vietnam War
James Cloninger Jr., "ANALYSIS OF COMMUNIST VIETNAMESE SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES DURING THE VIETNAM WAR AND THE LESSONS THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO CURRENT AND FUTURE U.S. MILITARY OPERATIONS".
What is a Sapper?
Before we get into specific units I am going to give a very incomplete history of what a sapper is. Sapper is the traditional name for what the US today calls combat engineers (in France they are often called pioneers). In simple terms the combat engineer or sapper is able to build stuff (bridges, trenches, etc.) and blow stuff up (mining, constructing Fougasse). But in the context of the NVA/ NLF sappers we should be thinking of sappers in their offensive role. Traditionally (think 17th-19th Century) this would have meant clearing a path through enemy defenses with nothing more than shovels, axes, and sweat. This was an extremely hazardous job that required some of the bravest and strongest men. This lent an air of elite status to sapper units which they carried into the modern era.
The Role of the Sapper in the NVA and NLF
In the NVA/ NLF sappers or đặc công (special task) functioned as commandos. The basic hallmark of guerrilla warfare is a numerically inferior force attacking a numerically superior force. However, what separated the NVA/ NLF sapper from other guerrilla units, was the ability of the sapper to attack from within the enemies own lines. The mission of the sappers included reconnaissance, direct action, demolition, terrorism, assassination, and to a lesser degree propaganda and espionage. Another role the sappers performed was to act as cadres to train other NVA or NLF units. This train and advise mission is similar to that of the US Special Forces (Green Berets). Targets would have included anything and everything of military value to the US ans South Vietnamese forces to include: ammo depots, headquarters, airbases, ships (look up USNS Card), fire-bases, troop in the field, and bridges. The sappers proved especially adept at capturing bridges during the Tet Offensive in 1968, the Easter Offensive of 1972, and the Spring Offensive in 1975.
Sappers would operate in cells as small as three men, squads composed of three cells (nine men total), or larger units such as platoons of ~30 men, companies of ~150 men, or battalions of ~300-500 men. More often than not the mission to be undertaken would dictate unit size (that and the availability of manpower). Sappers would even operate at the individual level for certain missions. Sapper units would often find themselves attached to larger regular NVA/ NLF units at the battalion or regiment level (it also depended on whether the units were full time or part time). Although as the war continued and lessons learned were applied to operations, increasingly it was regular NVA/ NLF units which were attached to support sapper units. (Saigon. 1969)
Training
Training would have been done at specially designated Sapper Schoolhouses located in Laos, Cambodia, North Vietnam, and South Vietnam. Training could last anywhere from three to eighteen months. (Cloninger. 2005) Training would occur at the individual level or the unit level, with units as large as battalion undergoing sapper training. Training wasn't limited to the schoolhouse and could also be conducted in the field. Bellow is a table cited by Cloninger and taken from a captured NVA document, which breaks down the type pf training and how many days would be devoted to it.
| Theme | Days |
|---|---|
| Use of weapons | 3 |
| Grenade Use | 1 |
| Warning patrols guards | 1 |
| Interior Affairs | 1 |
| Reconnaissance Drill | 2 |
| Individual and Cell Attack | 2 |
| Squad Attack under art fire | 1 |
| Chemistry and First Aid | 2 |
| Mine Training | 21 |
| Explosive Charges | 25 |
| Tactics and Construction | 26 |
| Revision and Control | 5 |
| Total | 93 |
Equipment
The NVA/ NLF sappers would have used what was available to them. This would have included common weapons such at the Type-56 assault rifle (Chinese made AKM), the B-40 RPG (Vietnamese produced RPG-2), RPD machine guns, recoil-less rifles, mortars, C-4 explosives, hand grenades, and whatever else they could get their hands on.
Sources:
James Cloninger Jr., "ANALYSIS OF COMMUNIST VIETNAMESE SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES DURING THE VIETNAM WAR AND THE LESSONS THAT CAN BE APPLIED TO CURRENT AND FUTURE U.S. MILITARY OPERATIONS". Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey CA. 2005
James F. Dunnigan, "The Perfect Soldier: Special Operations, Commandos, and the Future of Us Warfare " 2003.
"THE IMPACT OF THE SAPPER ON THE VIETNAM WAR". Saigon. October 1969.