Clarifying question: Are you asking about cultural or religious texts about the end of the world (aka Revelations/Ragnarok) or are you asking about fiction/novels pre-1945 (things like HG Wells in “War of the Worlds” or “Shape of Things to Come”)?

Back in 2008 I started reading no fiction except early scientific romance and adult fantasy before 1920 or so. I read a lot of dialogues (which really aren't fiction, I decided), a lot of poorly written stuff (including by Great Writers), a lot of great stuff, and then got out of it when I got to the Yellow Peril stuff I had been putting off. Imaginary War had been bad enough between UK and Peru, or UK and USA, or UK vs. Russia and France, but getting into the racist elements of the time just really took the fun out.

This question was great for me to pull out my notes, and I'm sorry if they can't be more complete. I just realized it's ten years since I read some of these, so memory is shaky. I would like to point out that most of these can be found on archive.org, or else by a general search. The hard part was finding that they ever existed to search for them. But I've done that for you!

What I am omitting is most of the Imaginary War stories, even when they have a lot of destruction and end, as we might think, badly. For example, Griffith's Angel of the Revolution, a tale of a group of revolutionaries taking over the US for Britain and destroying Russia and setting up an African-based world rulership based on controlling flight isn't an apocalypse in that volume. That happens in Olga Romanoff.

The earliest apocalypse I could find was ...

1805, Le dernier homme by Jean-Baptiste Cousin de Grainville. The entire planet is dying as the sun does. The "God of Earth" (The Devil) tries to tempt the protagonist, Omégar, into starting anew the whole sorry business of humanity, who will have to live as cannibals in the underground shelters of a sunless world. This imaginative explosion set off a string of derivative works, almost fanfiction. This might include The Time Machine.

In 1828, we get The Last Man by Mary Godwin Shelley. (Complete coincidence about the title, right?) In this, we follow a future war that tears apart Europe only to resolve it -- by having a total plague strike, wiping out humanity, except for our main character. His companions are separated from him in a shipwreck, IIRC, and since the author imagines that there has been no technological motion forward in centuries, he is left wandering in an empty Italy, unable to tell if others survive in far places.

1832: Le Dernier Homme, poème imité de Grainville [The Last Man, Poem Inspired by Grainville] by Auguste-François Creuzé de Lesser, is an expansion on Grainville, including aerial cities and a failed attempt to colonize another planet.

1858: L'Unitéide ou la Femme Messie [The Uniteide or The Messiah Woman], self-published by Paulin Gagne, who uses the character Omégar from 1805's Le dernier homme.

1859: Omégar ou Le Dernier Homme [Omegar, or The Last Man] by Élise Gagne, Paulin Gagne's wife, a poem derived, again, from Grainville

1885: After London, or Wild England by Richard Jefferies brings on the end of England, at least, by ecological collapse centering on London and apparently spreading outward. As no one has shown up from Europe to take over the primitive kingdoms of the isles, one has to assume the collapse overtook all of Western civilization, and the wonder cities of Africa can't be bothered with colonization.

1887: A Crystal Age by W. H. Hudson (Long Sleep/now to future) by means of a good deal of misunderstanding and conflict manages to avoid being a dialogue about a future utopia. Instead, we are fed, bit by bit, a fragmented history of how the upper classes abandoned England and left it to the working classes to build an agrarian communal future that has worked out how to avoid future over-population: only the official Mother and Father of each commune ever breed.

In France, "Capt. Danrit" (Émile Driant) wrote a series of future wars that you might consider apocalyptic, as he pictures France invaded by the combined hordes of Asia (the Chinese empress being guarded by samurai, and spearheaded by Russians and Indians; 1905, L'Invasion Jaune) or the population of Africa led by Middle Eastern/Turkish potentates, invading with armoured African elephants, while the French zip around on armed motor bicycles (1895, L'Invasion noire).

Total apocalypse, as the Western world literally goes up in flames at the rebellion of the proletariat: 1890, Caesar's Column: A Story of the Twentieth Century by Ignatius Donnelly. A white colonist from the Uganda Highlands comes to New York, where he is caught up in the violent overthrow of the plutocrats by demagogues, leading to a collapse of Western civilization. Escaping with a few friends by airship to white-settled Uganda, the long epilogue describes the communal state they set up in response to the trauma of the last days of New York. That's pretty much dialog/tract, but the rest is hair-raising sf adventure. Donnelly was either the first senator who wrote sf, or the first sf writer in the Senate.

In 1894 we got two, count 'em, two tales of the world destroyed, or nearly so, by comets: Omega: The Last Days of the World by Camille Flammarion (yes, that Flammarion, the astronomer of the Flammarion Catalog) and Olga Romanoff or, The Syren of the Skies by George Griffith.

1895: The Outlaws of the Air by George Griffith had an Imaginary War ended by a world-threatening comet (Griffith loved cometpocalypses). This year also brought us H. G. Wells, The Time Machine which takes the Narrator to a far future where the working-class troglodyte Morlocks support and prey on the miniaturized Eloi descendents of the decadent upper classes. The movies never tell you that the Eloi are only a yard tall with no secondary sex characteristics.

In 1897, "The Star" by Wells brings us another destruction from the heavens, as a rogue star (?!) passes by the Earth and into Sol. It had to be a tiny red dwarf, really.

1898: M. P. Shiel gets on the Yellow Peril bandwagon with "The Empress of the Earth." The book version was The Yellow Danger. He's back in 1901 with The Purple Cloud, where an Arctic explorer returns to find himself the last man on an Earth depopulated by a poison cloud.

We get a gap until 1908 and The War in the Air by H. G. Wells describes the breakdown of civilization through a world war, twice: once through a passive narrator, and then reiterated by an old man explaining to his grandchild what happened to the world. He is said to have written it in four months, and half of it is pure padding.

1912 brings the semi-fantasy The Night Land by William Hope Hodgson, a Dying Earth story where the planet has fallen into a dark senility. There's also The Scarlet Plague by Jack London.

1913 The Dragon by M. P. Shiel, was revised in 1924 as The Yellow Peril. He had a thing about that. The Poison Belt by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle has Earth passing through an astronomical reach of poison -- only it turns out to be temporarily anaesthetic rather than deadly.

The focus of this thread is more general views of the future, but there's some good info about "end of the world" scenarios in this earlier answer of mine:

• Before the 1700s, were there any books or plays set in the future? What did they see?

Down in the comments there's a little about medieval traditions as well. I also have this answer about medieval apocalypses, but it's more about the process than about what happens next.

I know these aren't perfectly on target, but hopefully there's something in there that'll interest you!