Yes.

"Adam and Eve on a Raft" has a long history to mean two eggs on toast, often with "... and wreck them" means to break the yolks. It appears in "The Emigrant's Party" , Jessie A. Kelley , from 1914. I've read that the phrase appears in the 1896 OED, but I left mine at the office.

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"Black Cow" is pretty well known. Steely Dan even had a song with that title (1977) about seeing an ex-lover who is at the soda counter drinking a black cow to feel better. There is regional variation on the ingredients, and some places a cola float was a black cow and a brown cow was root beer.

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Keep in mind that these usually weren't terms that the customer used. These are what the counter/table staff would use to relay the order to the kitchen, and each location would develop their own slang and abbreviations over time.