Despite the two city states being relatively close, their social structure and cultures were surprisingly very different from one another.

I'm also going to assume you mean sometime around 450 ish BC, just before the beginning of the peloponnesian war.

Athens was a sort of Democracy where a minority of the population could vote on the decisions and actions of the city. Male citizens could vote in decision making once they completed their compulsive military service which I believe lasted 5 years.

It was a direct democracy where every male citizen could vote on every decision made by the city, such as whether they should go to war, elected city officials and even acted as a tribunal to the justice system. Members of the Senate would be able to speak to the voters to sway votes and were to help carry out the decisions made by the voters. The Senate was chosen by lottery among the male citizens and were were changed every few years, though could stay if they won the lottery again.

They became an empire with many colonies across half of the Mediterranean. The colonies would send raw goods to athens in exchange for military protection and other less valuable goods.

The military of Athens was made up of male citizens who had to serve for 5 years, volunteer non citizens and in times of war, mercenaries. Their navy was formidable and well trained. Generals and admirals were elected by the people.

They were a religious people but were relatively not superstitious compared to their Spartan counterparts.

The Spartans were ruled by two kings who came to different arrangements on their roles depending on their relationships or aptitudes.

Spartan society was characterized by their class system. Citizen Spartans being landowners were at the top of the social ladder and were forbidden to have an occupation. Instead being encouraged to better themselves however they pleased while hating decadence. Spartan citizens were known for their rejection of comfort, taking baths in glacier water and refusing to eat till their full except at festivals.

At the bottom of spartan society were the helots, slaves who worked the fields and the mines as well as serving as levied soldiers to fill the spartan ranks. Spartan society existed in a constant state of helot suppression, brutalizing them and making constant shows of power to prevent rebellion. Helots made up nearly half of the entire population (including the non citizens) and the Spartans knew that rebellion would be disastrous as it has happened on many occasions in the past.

The result of helot rebellions were incredibly bloody for both the Spartans and the helots (mostly the helots) and were actively suppressed in times of peace.

Spartand were deeply religious and superstitious, holding festivals for the coming of every full moon. Unrelated to the topic, this frustrated Sparta's allies because coordinating battle plans with people who refused to do anything for 3 days a month is a pain.

Edit - spelling

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