Hey there,

I answered a similar question concerning employment in Soviet Union here.

But to answer your question more specifically and in short, no, if you weren't imprisoned you wouldn't ordinarily be expected or forced to perform work in a specific occupation in the Soviet Union on a regular basis.

The closest thing you'd have to what you describe are the so-called "subbotniks" and "voskresniks" (derived from "subota" and "voskresenie", Russian for Saturday and Sunday respectively).

These were presented as conscious, free, organized, but entirely voluntary work Soviet citizens did on behalf of their society on their weekends. They would ordinarily take place on the weekends, hence the name, but usually not every week (depending on the time period it could have been once every month, but for the vast majority of Soviet people who survive to this day these would only happen once a twice every year, usually in the spring).

Officially they started around 1920, which is when the first recorded subbotnik took place. Here is Lenin talking about the concept in 1919. Initially, when the enthusiasm for the new Soviet government was high these were likely to have been voluntary, but as time went by these became more an expectation, one that was seen as a mandatory one as it tended to affect one's level of perceived political reliability and most tended to see those as, at best, a necessary evil of the socialist system.

Depending on where you lived you'd be expected to either do general cleaning of your neighbourhoods, collecting garbage or recyclables, or do general fieldwork (in the countryside), along with other community services. In some Central Asian republics sizable proportions of the population from certain occupations (like teachers and university students for example) were expected to help collect harvests at certain times too (mostly cotton in Uzbekistan), which was also presented as voluntary (it almost always wasn't) and was also free.

In most cases, even with subbotniks/voskresniks however you wouldn't be forced or coerced into taking up an entire occupation or anything that would require specialized training, like construction work. In fact, throughout its history Soviet Union experienced bouts of acute labour shortage in construction in particular as it tended to embark on massive state-funded construction projects with relative regularity and would struggle to make up the numbers required to pull them off (in many large cities like Kiev or Moscow construction workers were at times one of the few occupations that didn't require you to actually reside in the city in which you sought employment to be hired, and could actually lead to you gaining an official residency in that city, the so-called 'propiska').