Please let me know if I can clarify the question. I'm very interested in finding out whether any of the Americans ever made it back to the United States, or for that matter if they ever left Canada.
After the capture of the Chesapeake the American prisoners were sent to prisoner of war camp on Melville Island in Nova Scotia, near what would have been considered Halifax proper in 1813, and now home to the Armadale Yacht Club.
Early on during the war there were regular prisoner transfers between Halifax and Boston. Aside from the American prizes taken by the Royal Navy, privateering became something of an industry in the Maritimes - the most celebrated being the Liverpool Packet which brought in 50 American vessels between august 1812 and the end of 1814. American prize money helped fuel the development of the Nova Scotian banking sector, with both the Bank of Nova Scotia (now branded Scotia Bank), and the Halifax Banking Company being initially funded by men whose fortunes derived in no small part due to their support of privateering efforts during the War of 1812.
Regarding the fate of the Chesapeake's prisoners, after returning to Halifax the wounded prisoners were treated at the Halifax Naval Hospital, which Chesapeake surgeon's mate William Swift described as "superior to any I have seen."
The first 61 prisoners began their return journey on June 25th, less than a month after the Chesapeake's capture on June 1st. They sailed on the Frederick Augustus, and were exchanged for British prisoners held in Boston. Over the next couple months another 13 were exchanged via the Agnes, and 7 on the Henry. There were no further exchanges of Chesapeake prisoners until the Perseverance delivered 103 prisoners to Providence in 1814. One of the reasons for the delay was that the British had taken far more American prisoners than had been captured by the Americans - this disparity was estimated to have grown to 3000 by September of 1814, making it more difficult to justify the exchanges. This was compounded by the fact that both sides preferentially traded wounded and sick prisoners before healthy ones. Halifax had more prisoners than it could handle, and Americans POWs were regularly shipped to Dartmoor in the UK - with some Americans only being discharged from Dartmoor towards the end of 1816. The reputation of Dartmoor was so fearful that the threat alone of being transferred was often enough to effect good behaviour in the prisoners.
The treatment of the American Prisoners has been somewhat controversial, with the Warden Lieutenant William Miller somewhat indicting himself with his own words, recorded as saying prisoners could "die and be damned - the King has 130 acres of land to bury them." He was accused of forcing the prisoners to stand outside regardless of weather while waiting for the floors of the prisoner's barracks to dry. When the prisoners complained of the quality of their beef ration he was alleged to have replied that it was "a damned deal better than they had in their own country, and if they did not eat it they should have none."
Conditions were crowded, and tensions ran high between between captor and captured. Before the war even began, across the British Empire it is estimated that 52,649 French prisoners of war were bring held by Britain. Over the course of the War 14,000 American sailors would spend a portion of the conflict as prisoners of war. The conditions at Melville were described as "very humane" in 1812, but by November 1814 3-4 prisoners were dying each day, of "pestilence" with the Boston Patriot (albeit, not the most neutral of sources) describing the conditions as "brutal and barbarous in the extreme."
In 2005 the American government installed a plaque commemorating the 200 american prisoners who died at the POW camp on Melville island during the War of 1812, who had been buried in unmarked graves at the nearby Deadman's Island. You can view a photo of the memorial here.
Sources:
The main source is Brian Cuthbertson's Melville Prison and Deadman's Island: American and French Prisoners of War in Halifax 1794-1816
Additional sources which were of use:
Boileau, John Half-Hearted Enemies: Nova Scotia, New England and the War of 1812
Kert, Faye Margaret Privateering: Patriots & Profits in the War of 1812
Kert, Faye Margaret Prize and Predjudice: Privateering and Naval Warfare in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812
Kert, Faye Margaret Trimming Yankee Sails: Pirates and Privateers of New Brunswick
Padfield, Peter Broke & The Shannon
Veolcker, Tim, Ed. Broke of the Shannon: And the War of 1812
Smith, Joshua M. Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812
These Chesapeake crew are buried on Deadman's Island, Halifax near Melville Prison or at the Naval Hospital.
*Adams, Peter; 42: Chesapeake, Boatswain; Unknown; Wounds
Cone, Giles; 30; Chesapeake, Seaman; Middle Town; Wounds
Carleton, John; 26; Chesapeake, Seaman; Boston; Pneumonia
Crutchett, John; 34; Chesapeake, Seaman; Cumberland; Wounds
*Dixon, William; 22; Chesapeake, Marine; Pennsylvania; Wounds
*Housten, Christopher; Unknown; Chesapeake, Seaman; Unknown; Wounds
*Johnson, John; 22; Chesapeake, Seaman; New York; Wounds
**Ludlow, A.C.; 24; Chesapeake, Lieutenant; North River, New York; Wounds
*Mansell, Marcus; 22; Chesapeake, Seaman; Sweden; Wounds
Smith, Thomas (2); 22; Chesapeake, Jr. Gunner; Hampton; Syphillis
Wright, John; 28; Chesapeake, Marine; Pennsylvania; Wounds, etc.
* May actually be buried anonymously in the Naval Hospital Cemetery in Halifax. In addition, these Chesapeake sailors not listed above may also be buried in the hospital cemetery.
Francis Symonds, Seaman
Forbes Dela, Quartermaster
Darby Lee, Seaman
John Devo, Seaman
John McNeil, Seaman
John Hunt, Ordinary Seaman
Lewis Hanscom, Ordinary Seaman
Source: H.F. Pullen, The Shannon and the Chesapeake (McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto/Montreal, 1970) 68.
** Lt. A.C. Ludlow was second in command of the Chesapeake and was actually buried with Captain James Lawrence in the Old Burial Ground in Halifax. Both bodies were eventually returned to the United States.
These are buried at Dartmoor Prison, England
Cook, Benjamin Seaman Chesapeake 06 Apr 1814 from Baltimore, Md
Cornish, Charles Seaman Chesapeake 10 Jan 1814 from Maryland
Romel, Francis Seaman Chesapeake 07 Feb 1815 from San Sebastian
From my book The Foreign Burial of American War Dead
The USS Chesapeake herself is now a watermill in the Wickham, England,
see The Enduring Journey of the USS Chesapeake